... operators and delimiters used on the Acorn Atom microcomputer and the ZX Spectrum.Released in 1980, two years before <strong>the Spectrum</strong>, the Acorn Atom used a version of BASIC based on an earlier computer built by Acorn called the System 3. Atom BASIC is quite different to Sinclair BASIC, for instance, semi-colons are used to separate ...
... Electron only)Result: Allows the user to control a number of computer effects. (BBC Micro & Acorn Electron) Not on <strong>the Spectrum</strong>, similar to setting the system variables. CHAIN CHAIN f (BBC Micro & Acorn Electron only)Result: LOAD & RUN program f. If f is and empty string then the first program on tape encountered will be loaded. ...
... channel may be optionally selected to direct output to a window.ARC_R uses the relative coordinate system. QL only. <strong>The Spectrum</strong>'s DRAW statement can be made to perform a similar function.Note: One of the ZX Spectrum prototypes (ZX82) originally had an ARC keyword instead of CIRCLE. AT AT x,y (ZX Spectrum)AT [channel,] ...
... BASIC statements such as REPEAT..UNTIL and WHILE..WEND, PAPER and INK statements which use the same colour codes as <strong>the Spectrum</strong>, and the ability to store machine code data within a BASIC program. Commands Keyword Meaning Comments APPENDSee MERGE CALL CALL m[,v]¦LCTN (n) (Lynx)Result: Calls a machine code subroutine at memory ...
... with that in memory.VERIFY f SCREEN$ * (ZX Spectrum)Result: R Tape Loading Error*This command will be accepted by <strong>the Spectrum</strong> but taped SCREEN$ code will fail verification.VERIFY f,8 (Commodore 64)Result: Compares program f on disk with that in memory. See also: LOAD, MERGE, SAVE. Statements Keyword Meaning Comments AT(ZX ...
... on the Dragon 32/64 & TRS-80 Color Computer 'CoCo' and the ZX Spectrum.The Dragon and TRS machines are contempories of <strong>the Spectrum</strong> and as such have similar capabilities.There are many differences though, the most significant of which is the processor used by the Dragon and TRS-80 CoCo, the 6809.The 6809 uses a completely different ...
... ()VERIFY f DATA $()VERIFY f CODE m,nVERIFY f CODE mVERIFY f CODEVERIFY f SCREEN$ **This command will be accepted by <strong>the Spectrum</strong> but taped SCREEN$ code will fail verification.Result: Compared program f from tape with that in memory. Error R if verify fails. Not available on ZX80. Statements Keyword Meaning Comments AT AT x,yResult: ...
... same one the BBC Micro uses).The 6502 uses a completely different instruction set and registers to the Z80 used by <strong>the Spectrum</strong> so any machine code used within a BASIC program will have to be rewritten.Both the Oric 1 & Atmos use a different version of BASIC to the ZX Spectrum called Oric Extended BASIC. The Oric Atmos being an ...
... ()VERIFY f DATA $()VERIFY f CODE m,nVERIFY f CODE mVERIFY f CODEVERIFY f SCREEN$ **This command will be accepted by <strong>the Spectrum</strong> but taped SCREEN$ code will fail verification.Result: Compared program f from tape with that in memory. Error R if verify fails. Not available on ZX81. Statements Keyword Meaning Comments AT AT x,yResult: ...
... case with a larger, more conventional design and introduced a substantially improved keyboard, while retaining <strong>the Spectrum</strong>'s established hardware architecture and compatibility with its existing software library. Rumours of a new Spectrum with a conventional keyboard had circulated for some time, but Sinclair Research had ...
```php ZX Spectrum+ 128K Introduction The ZX Spectrum+ 128K was the most substantial development of <strong>the Spectrum</strong> carried out by Sinclair Research. It doubled the memory of the 48K Spectrum, added a much more capable sound chip, introduced a new version of Sinclair BASIC and provided a number of facilities designed to make practical use ...
... Amstrad acquired Sinclair Research's computer business in 1986, the future of the ZX Spectrum was far from certain. <strong>The Spectrum</strong> had already established itself as one of Britain's most successful home computers, but the market was changing rapidly and Sinclair's original machines were beginning to show their age. Amstrad's arrival ...
... of producing eight basic colours: Black, Blue, Red, Magenta, Green, Cyan, Yellow, White. Colour was controlled through <strong>the Spectrum</strong>'s attribute system. Each character cell had an eight-bit attribute containing the foreground and background colours together with the BRIGHT and FLASH settings. This allowed colour graphics to be produced ...
... but trying to type in a long listing, or a letter on a word processor may leave your fingers aching! Furthermore, <strong>the Spectrum</strong>'s 'dead flesh' rubber keyboard hides beneath it a membrane that is very similar to that on the ZX81. This membrane is extremely prone to failure after repeated use, so peripheral manufacturers quickly ...
... of microcomputers four or five times as expensive as the ZX Spectrum.The simplest way to improve the sound coming from <strong>the Spectrum</strong> is to take the signal from the MIC socket and pass it through an amplifier. Another way is to use a modulator to mix a sound signal with that of the RF signal so that the sound came be heard through the TV ...
ZX Spectrum Interfaces for Joysticks and ROM Cartridges Most joystick interfaces which connect to <strong>the Spectrum</strong> do so via the expansion port, are digital, and generally conform to the Atari D-type sockets and wiring standard. Exceptions to these are the joystick ports on the +2 and +3 Spectrums, which have D-type sockets but are wired ...
... the Sinclair ZX Spectrum and its programming, hardware and history. The site grew from my own interest in researching <strong>the Spectrum</strong>, particularly its BASIC programming language and the many details that are often overlooked or only briefly explained in the original documentation. Over time, this research developed into a collection of ...
... programs MERGE f$Result: Merge program f$ with that already in memory overwriting duplicate program lines. Only on <strong>the Spectrum</strong>. Force auto-run to stop MERGE "" : STOPResult: Load first program encountered and abort automatic running (if present). Only on <strong>the Spectrum</strong>. Must be executed after a system reset or NEW otherwise there may ...
... the rights to Sinclair computers and started production of the ZX Spectrum +2. The +2 was almost the same computer as <strong>the Spectrum</strong>+ 128K but with a full size keyboard, a built in cassette player and a few minor changes to the ROM. For this reason this article will treat these two Spectrum computers as the same.When Amstrad introduced ...
ZX Spectrum Peripherals and Accessories The ZX Spectrum's design was primarily driven by price, and at £125, <strong>the Spectrum</strong> was a lot cheaper than most of its contempories. To keep the price down, <strong>the Spectrum</strong> had to do without some of the 'luxuries' that were fitted as standard on its competitors. These 'luxuries' included things like ...
... 1983, p.86 16. "SPEC SWITCH" - advert, Your Spectrum, No.1, p.76 17. "CREATE ELECTRONIC ART ON YOUR OWN TV SCREEN WITH <strong>THE SPECTRUM</strong> DOODLER!" - advert, Your Spectrum, No.21, December 1985, p.10 18. "128 Doodler!", ZX Computing, May 1986, p.53 19. SAGA Systems Ltd advert, Your Spectrum, No.17, August 1985, p.65 External Links Add-on ...
... similar but there are also many differences and peculiarities such as non-standard spelling between platforms. Take <strong>the Spectrum</strong> RANDOMIZE for example, on the ZX80 this was originally spelled in British-English as RANDOMISE, which shortened to RAND on the ZX81, before becoming RANDOMIZE on <strong>the Spectrum</strong>. The Sinclair QL returned to ...
... and PPOINT. Not all keywords are listed as they may not have any relevance to the microcomputer being compared with <strong>the Spectrum</strong>, such as the Microdrive commands as these are too different compared with any disk systems available. Acorn Atom Released in 1980, the Acorn Atom is one of the earlier examples from the microcomputer age. ...
... a division by zero can be avoided by checking that the denominator in a division is not zero.Many extended BASIC's for <strong>the Spectrum</strong> contain error trapping, for example BETA BASIC. SOUND SOUND m,n [;...]Where m is the register and n is the value to be placed in that register.Result : Sends instructions to the sound chip's registers. The ...
... magazine in 1984. It was available through mail order at a price of £9.95. Thirty five new keywords were added to <strong>the Spectrum</strong> vocabulary as well as the ability to produce 64 column text, define procedures, create windows and produce enhanced sound effects.The MegaBasic extension required 19K leaving 22K for user programs. Commands ...
... connect to the Persona or another module. PERSONA - Primary module provides a 64-way buffered connection between <strong>the Spectrum</strong> and other modules. RAM08 - Provides 8K of paged Random Access Memory. RAM16 - As above but this time 16K. RAM64 - Again extra paged memory, now 64K (requires MINIMAP module). DROM - Non-volatile storage. ...
... thisPRINT VAL "10*25". What we have done is create a string containing a simple sum, 10*25 (or 10 multiplied by 25). <strong>The Spectrum</strong> will evaluate this string and display the result which is 250. Now what we can do is instead of having a fixed string like "10*25" which cannot be changed we can use a string variable to hold the sum before ...
... supplied. £24.95*10*price fully inclusive TS 2000 SS1 Speech Synthesizerfrom Computer Add-ons Plugs into the back on <strong>the Spectrum</strong> and requires no batteries. It came with a dictionary of sounds and could be plugged into and external hi-fi. £39.00*13*+40p postage Speech Recognition Features Original Price Micro Commandby Orion Data Ltd ...
... Length Loading Information Signal LOW Pulse — Loader stage Waiting Block — Total blocks — Tape size — How <strong>the Spectrum</strong> Loader Works A standard Spectrum tape contains a sequence of pulses. <strong>The Spectrum</strong>'s EAR input detects transitions in the incoming signal and the ROM loader measures the timing between those transitions. The ...
... format and its short-integer format. Enter a number, change the hexadecimal bytes or click individual bits to see how <strong>the Spectrum</strong> represents the value. Explore APPLY INT Use Spectrum short integers when possible Five Bytes Edit the hexadecimal bytes directly. Changes are immediately reflected below. Binary Edit Individual Bits Click ...