On This Day - 22nd September

Jupiter Cantab launches the Jupiter Ace, a British home computer designed by former Sinclair Research engineers Richard Altwasser and Steven Vickers. The machine goes on sale on 22 September 1982 at a price of £89.95, placing it directly into the rapidly expanding market created by computers such as the ZX81 and ZX Spectrum.

The Jupiter Ace is built around the Z80 processor and is unusual because it uses Forth rather than BASIC as its built-in programming language. Forth was a powerful and compact language particularly suited to the Ace's limited memory, although it was less familiar to home-computer buyers than the BASIC used by most of its competitors.

The Ace initially provides 3K of RAM, expandable to 19K internally and with further expansion possible. Programs and data can be stored on cassette tape, while the computer produces its display through a domestic television. Its compact white case and membrane keyboard give it a distinctive appearance, while its hardware architecture reflects the experience its designers gained at Sinclair.

Richard Altwasser had played an important role in the development of the ZX Spectrum hardware, while Steven Vickers had worked on the Spectrum's ROM and BASIC. The Jupiter Ace therefore represents an interesting branch of the Sinclair story, created by two engineers who had helped develop Sinclair's most important computer before setting out on their own.

Although the Jupiter Ace was technically innovative, it sold in relatively small numbers compared with the ZX Spectrum and other leading home computers. Jupiter Cantab eventually ceased trading, but the Ace has since become a highly regarded and collectable British home computer, particularly among enthusiasts interested in Forth and early Sinclair-era hardware.

Commodore brings the VIC-20 to the British market, providing a major new competitor for Sinclair's rapidly growing ZX81. The colour home computer had originally appeared in Japan as the VIC-1001 and was subsequently introduced internationally as the VIC-20.

The VIC-20 was based around the MOS 6502 processor and included 5K of RAM, of which approximately 3.5K was available to BASIC programs. Despite its modest memory, the machine offered colour graphics and sound, making it particularly attractive for games and home entertainment. It could be connected to a television and used standard cassette tapes for program and data storage.

In Britain the VIC-20 was initially priced at around £200, considerably more than Sinclair's £69.95 ZX81 but offering colour graphics, sound, a full-size keyboard and a substantially more conventional computer experience. Commodore marketed it as a friendly and accessible computer rather than simply a machine for electronics enthusiasts.

The arrival of the VIC-20 added another important competitor to Britain's rapidly expanding home-computer market. Commodore's machine competed directly with Sinclair, Acorn, Tandy and other manufacturers and helped establish the idea that an inexpensive home computer could combine programming, education and video gaming.

The VIC-20 went on to become one of the most successful early home computers, eventually selling more than 2.5 million units worldwide. It was also the first computer to sell more than one million units, an important milestone in the development of the mass-market home-computer industry.

Sinclair Research launches the ZX Interface 2 for the ZX Spectrum. The new peripheral was designed primarily for computer games, providing two joystick connections and a slot for ROM cartridges that allowed compatible software to start almost instantly without the loading time associated with cassette tape.

The Interface 2 was priced at £19.95 and was launched alongside a range of ten ROM cartridge games. These included Sinclair titles such as Space Raiders, Planetoids, Hungry Horace, Horace and the Spiders, Chess and Backgammon, together with Ultimate Play The Game titles including Pssst, Jetpac, Cookie and Tranz Am.

The two joystick ports used Sinclair's own keyboard-mapped interface rather than the already popular Kempston standard. The first joystick was mapped to keys 6–0 and the second to keys 1–5. Consequently, many existing Spectrum games could not use the Interface 2 joysticks unless they provided configurable controls.

The ROM cartridge system was technically interesting but commercially unsuccessful. Cartridges were limited to 16K of ROM and initially cost £14.95 each, considerably more than many cassette games. Only ten commercially released cartridges appeared, making the Interface 2 one of Sinclair's shortest-lived major Spectrum peripherals.

The Interface 2 also provided a reduced pass-through connector at the rear, intended to allow a ZX Printer to remain connected. Despite the limited success of the ROM cartridge system, its joystick interface remained significant and was supported by later Spectrum software and machines.

In September 1985, Sinclair Research launched the ZX Spectrum 128K in Spain, introducing the first major expansion of the Spectrum's hardware since the original machine appeared in 1982. Developed jointly with Spanish distributor Investrónica under the code name "Derby", the new computer was designed to meet the requirements of the Spanish market and was first presented at the Sonimag trade fair in Barcelona.

The most important change was the increase in memory from 48K to 128K. Because the Z80 processor could only directly address 64K of memory, Sinclair used a bank-switching system to divide the additional RAM into 16K banks. The machine also contained 32K of ROM and introduced an enhanced version of Sinclair BASIC with a new editing system.

The 128K brought several other significant improvements. An AY-3-8912 sound chip provided three-channel music and sound, while the computer gained an RGB monitor connection, RS-232 serial interface and MIDI capability. It could also operate in a 48K compatibility mode, allowing existing Spectrum software to continue to be used. The distinctive external heatsink running along the side of the case led to the machine acquiring the affectionate nickname "Toastrack".

Although the Spanish machine appeared in 1985, British customers had to wait until January 1986 for the ZX Spectrum 128K to go on sale in the UK. The UK version was priced at £179.95 and omitted the external numeric keypad supplied with the Spanish version. It was the last Spectrum to be released by Sinclair Research before the computer business and Sinclair brand were acquired by Amstrad in 1986.